The Great
Pyramid of Giza (also known
as the Pyramid of Khufu or the Pyramid of Cheops) is the
oldest and largest of the three pyramids in the Giza Necropolis bordering what
is now El Giza, Egypt. It is the oldest of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient
World, and the only one to remain largely intact. Egyptologists believe that
the pyramid was built as a tomb for fourth dynasty Egyptian Pharaoh Khufu
(Cheops in Greek) over a 10 to 20-year period concluding around 2560 BCE.
Initially at 146.5 meters (481 feet), the Great Pyramid was the tallest
man-made structure in the world for over 3,800 years. Originally, the Great
Pyramid was covered by casing stones that formed a smooth outer surface; what
is seen today is the underlying core structure. Some of the casing stones that
once covered the structure can still be seen around the base. There have been
varying scientific and alternative theories about the Great Pyramid's
construction techniques. Most accepted construction hypotheses are based on the
idea that it was built by moving huge stones from a quarry and dragging and
lifting them into place.
There are three known
chambers inside the Great Pyramid. The lowest chamber is cut into the bedrock
upon which the pyramid was built and was unfinished. The so-called Queen's Chamber and King's Chamber are
higher up within the pyramid structure. The Great Pyramid of Giza is the only
pyramid in Egypt known to contain both ascending and descending passages. The
main part of the Giza complex is a setting of buildings that included two
mortuary temples in honor of Khufu (one close to the pyramid and one near the
Nile), three smaller pyramids for Khufu's wives, an even smaller
"satellite" pyramid, a raised causeway connecting the two temples,
and small mastaba tombs surrounding the pyramid for nobles.